Escalation of Urban Air Pollution in Ghaziabad: A Comparative Analysis of 2024-2025
Main Article Content
Abstract
Air pollution has taken a disastrous form in NCR region of India. The effect of increasing and prolonged concentration of air pollutant in atmosphere is affecting people’s health. One of such region which is highly affected with this problem is “Ghaziabad”, one of the important cities of NCR, India. There are four measuring sites working in Ghaziabad. This paper presents a study of spatio-temporal variations of atmospheric pollutants recorded at all four sites during 2024-25 by CPCB. In comparison to 2024, the year 2025 observed increased values of pollutants PM2.5 (~20%), PM₁₀ (~20%), NO₂ (~12%), SO₂ (~22%), and CO (~13%). On the other hand, a decrease of (~35%) is recorded in Benzene. The study shows that in 2024, PM₂.₅ is shows a strong correlation with NO₂ (r = 0.67) and benzene (r = 0.69), which is highlighting a noteworthy effect of vehicles while 2025 shows a reduced PM₂.₅–NO₂ correlation (r = 0.43) and a bit enhanced correlations with CO (r = 0.47) and SO₂ (r = 0.42), that reflects a shift towards from combustion and secondary processes.
Downloads
Article Details
Section

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
1. HEI. Health Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution in Developing Countries of Asia: A Literature Review, Special Report 15, Health Effects Institute, Boston, USA, 2004.
2. F. Dominici, P.R.D.B.M.L. et al.; Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, The Journal of the American Medical Association, 295 (2006), 1127-1134.
3. M. Jerrett, R.T. Burnett, C.A. Pope, K. Ito, G. Thurston, D. Krewski; Long-term ozone exposure and mortality, New England Journal of Medicine, 360 (2009), 1085-1095.
4. HEI. Outdoor Air Pollution and Health in the Developing Countries of Asia: A Comprehensive Review, Special Report 18, Health Effects Institute, Boston, USA, 2010.
5. R.W. Atkinson, A. Cohen, S. Mehta, H.R. Anderson; Systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological time-series studies on outdoor air pollution and health in Asia, Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 5 (2011), 383-391.
6. C.A. Pope III, R. Brook, R. Burnett, D. Dockery; How is cardiovascular disease mortality risk affected by duration and intensity of fine particulate matter exposure? An integration of the epidemiologic evidence, Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 4 (2011), 5-14.
7. S.K. Chhabra, P. Chhabra, S. Rajpal, R.K. Gupta; Ambient air pollution and chronic respiratory morbidity in Delhi, Archives of Environmental Health 56 (2001), 8.
8. J.N. Pande, N. Bhatta, D. Biswas, R.M. Pandey, G. Ahluwalia, N.H. Siddaramaiah; Outdoor air pollution and emergency room visits at a hospital in Delhi, The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences, 44 (2002), 9.
9. S.K. Gupta, S.C. Gupta, R. Agarwal, S. Sushma, S.S. Agrawal, R. Saxena; A multicentric case-control study on the impact of air pollution on eyes in a metropolitan city of India, Indian Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine, 11 (2007), 37-40.
10. S. Siddique, M. Banerjee, M. Ray, T. Lahiri; Air pollution and its impact on lung function of children in Delhi, the capital city of India, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 212 (2010), 89-100.
11. K. Balakrishnan, B. Ganguli, S. Ghosh, S. Sambandam, S. Roy, A. Chatterjee; A spatially disaggregated time-series analysis of the short-term effects of particulate matter exposure on mortality in Chennai, India, Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, (2011), 1-11.
12. M.L. Cropper, N.B. Simon, A. Alberini, S. Arora, P.K. Sharma; The health benefits of air pollution control in Delhi, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79 (1997), 1625-1629.
13. G. J. Holst, C. B. Pedersen, M. Thygesen, J. Brandt, C. Geels, J.H. Bønløkke amd T. Sigsgaard; Air pollution and family related determinants of asthma onset and persistent wheezing in children: nationwide case-control study, bmj, (2020), 370.
14. A. Siddiqua, J. N. Hahladakis and W. A. K. Al-Attiya; An overview of the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling and open dumping, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(39) (2022), 58514-58536.
15. L. Ni, C. C. Chuang and L. Zuo; Fine particulate matter in acute exacerbation of COPD, Frontiers in physiology, 6 (2015), 294.
16. The impact of air pollution on deaths, disease burden, and life expectancy across the states of India: the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet Planet Health, 2019;3:e26–e39. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30261-4.
17. K. Balakrishnan, S. Ghosh, G. Thangavel; Exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and birthweight in a rural-urban, mother-child cohort in Tamil Nadu, India, Environ Res., 161 (2018), 524-531.
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.050.
18. S. Mandal, K.K. Madhipatla, S. Guttikunda, I. Kloog, D. Prabhakaran, J.D. Schwartz; Ensemble averaging based assessment of spatiotemporal variations in ambient PM2.5 concentrations over Delhi, India, during 2010–2016, Atmos Environ., 224 (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117309.
19. K.E. Cosselman, A. Navas-Acien, J.D. Kaufman; Environmental factors in cardiovascular disease, Nat Rev Cardiol., 12 (2015), 627-642.
doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.152.
20. Abinaya Sekar, B V Binoy, Dheeraj Alshetty, Manoj Kumar N, George Kuttiparichel Varghese and Ravi Verma: Health risk Associated with exposure to Particulate Matter and volatile organic compounds among two- wheeler delivery personal in Ghaziabad, Atmospheric pollution Research, 14-7, 101806.
21. Broom Douglas; 6 of the World’s 10 Most Polluted Cities Are in India [WWW Document]. World Econ. Forum. 2020. URL. accessed 4.10.20. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/6-of-the-world-s-10-most-polluted-cities-are-in-india/
22. N. Parkhi, D. Chate, S.D. Ghude, S. Peshin, A. Mahajan, R. Srinivas, D. Surendran, K. Ali, S. Singh, H. Trimbake; Large inter annual variation in air quality during the annual festival ‘Diwali’in an Indian megacity, J. Environ. Sci., 43 (2016), 265e272.
23. K. Kanchan, A.K. Gorai, P. Goyal; A review on air quality indexing system, Asian J. Atmos. Environ., 9 (2015), 101e113.
24. R. Sharma, R. Kumar, D.K. Sharma, I. Priyadarshini, B.T. Pham, D.T. Bui, S. Rai; Inferring air pollution from air quality index by different geographical areas: case study in India, Air Qual. Atmos. Heal., 12 (2019), 1347e1357.
25. ARAI and T.E.R.I.; Source Apportionment of PM2.5 & PM10 Concentrations of Delhi NCR for Identification of Major Sources, 2018.. https://www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/2018-08/Report_SA_AQM-Delhi-NCR_0.pdf.
26. A. Van Donkelaar, M.S. Hammer, L. Bindle, M. Brauer, J.R. Brook, M.J. Garay, N.C. Hsu, O.V. Kalashnikova, R.A. Kahn, C. Lee; Monthly Global Estimates of Fine ParticulateMatter and Their Uncertainty, Environ. Sci. Technol., 55 (2021), 15287-15300.
27. E.E. McDuffie, R.V. Martin, J.V. Spadaro, R. Burnett, S.J. Smith, P. O’Rourke, M.S. Hammer, A. van Donkelaar, L. Bindle, V. Shah; Source sector and fuel contributions to ambient PM2.5 and attributable mortality across multiple spatial scales, Nat. Commun., 12 (2021), 3594.
28. https://airquality.cpcb.gov.in/ccr/#/caaqm-dashboard-all/caaqm-landing/aqi-repository